Bubastis
The Ancient Egyptian City of Cats and Divine Worship
Bubastis, also known as Bubastis, Per-Bastet, or Tell Basta, was an ancient Egyptian city located in the eastern Nile Delta. It was the capital of the 19th Dynasty and a significant religious and cultural center during the New Kingdom (1550-1070 BCE) and the Late Period (664-332 BCE) of ancient Egypt. The city was dedicated to the worship of the goddess Bastet, a feline deity who was revered as the protector of Lower Egypt, as well as associated with fertility, childbirth, and domestic harmony.
1. Foundation and early history
Bubastis was founded around 1700 BCE during the Middle Kingdom (2055-1650 BCE) and initially served as a modest fortress town. Its strategic location near the eastern border of Egypt made it an essential military stronghold, guarding against potential threats from the eastern desert and the neighboring Libyan tribes.
2. Rise to prominence
During the New Kingdom, Bubastis gained significance as a religious center, with the construction of the Temple of Bastet. This temple was dedicated to the goddess Bastet and her consort, Ptah. As the worship of Bastet grew in popularity, so did the importance of the city.
3. Capital of the 19th Dynasty
Under the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses I, the founder of the 19th Dynasty, Bubastis became the capital of Egypt. Ramesses I and his successor, Seti I, initiated several building projects in the city, including the construction of a new royal necropolis, known as the Western Cemetery, where they were later buried.
4. Architectural wonders
The Temple of Bastet in Bubastis was one of the most impressive religious complexes in ancient Egypt. It covered an area of approximately 250,000 square meters and included numerous temples, shrines, and sanctuaries dedicated to various deities. The main temple was adorned with intricate carvings, statues, and inscriptions, showcasing the artistic prowess of the ancient Egyptians.
5. The Festival of Bastet
Bubastis was the site of the famous Festival of Bastet, which attracted thousands of worshippers from all over Egypt. This annual celebration was marked by music, dancing, feasting, and the offering of gifts to the goddess. Participants often wore costumes and masks depicting cats, the sacred animal of Bastet. The festival was an essential aspect of the city’s economy and played a significant role in its prosperity.
6. Decline and revival
During the Late Period, Bubastis experienced a decline in its political importance. However, the worship of Bastet continued to thrive, and the city remained an important religious center. In the Ptolemaic Period (323-30 BCE), Bubastis experienced a revival under the patronage of the Ptolemaic rulers, who commissioned the construction of new temples and monuments.
7. Bubastis in the Roman Era
Under Roman rule, Bubastis was known as Taposiris Magna and became a significant center for the worship of the goddess Isis. The city continued to flourish, with new temples and monuments being built, including a massive obelisk dedicated to Emperor Augustus.
8. The city’s legacy
Today, the ruins of Bubastis can be found at Tell Basta, a site located approximately 100 kilometers northeast of Cairo. The Temple of Bastet, though largely in ruins, still offers a glimpse into the grandeur and significance of this ancient city. The legacy of Bubastis and its revered goddess Bastet can also be seen in the continued popularity of cats in Egyptian culture and folklore.
In conclusion,
Bubastis was a vital city in ancient Egypt, known for its rich history, religious significance, and architectural marvels. The worship of the goddess Bastet played a crucial role in the city’s prominence, attracting devotees from all over Egypt and beyond. Although Bubastis has long since faded into the sands of time, its legacy continues to inspire and captivate scholars and visitors alike.
